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The Dying Earth Understanding the Global Climate Crisis By Bisma Ijaz & Gift Olaitan Olagunju In the last 10 years we all must have seen at least a movie about apocalyptic catastrophes due the deterioration of earth’s essence. But now, it seems like human civilization is actually heading towards a possible catastrophic event and Climate Change. This unpredictable change in climate can ultimately wipe out human civilization if significant actions are not taken timely and strategically. Climate change is one of the most urgent crisis to be faced by humanity in the 21st century. Earth’s climate shift and a constant increase in global warming due to human activities, require serious action to tackle its catastrophic impact and rapid changes in weather conditions. The United Nations, governments, World organizations, and even on individual level, the crisis of climate change is getting extreme attention due to its ongoing drastic weather shifts all across the globe. According to the ERA5 report, 2023 is considered to be the warmest year on record. This constant rise in temperature has caused severe floods, droughts, and, wildfires all over the world, mostly affecting the 3rd world countries. On a global level, countries are taking steps to address its severity and collaborating with each other to tackle it as soon as possible. Climate Change refers to a long-term shift in temperature and weather conditions of the world that makes our planet habitual for life. The key cause of this extreme change can be traced back to human activities throughout history, particularly deforestation and burning of fossil which has played a vital role in the climate crisis.  In reference to the Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) as shown on their official Website (IPPC Website), Climate change has already left an indelible mark on our planet, causing widespread impacts and damages to human systems and ecosystems alike. From altering terrestrial landscapes to reshaping ocean ecosystems, the effects of climate change are undeniable. Physical water availability, a critical component of our ecosystem, is under strain as climate change disrupts the balance of water from various sources, including groundwater and surface water. Furthermore, assessments of global mental health and displacement reveal the far-reaching consequences of climate change, albeit in regions that have been assessed. Observations of these impacts are closely linked to changes in physical climate, many of which can be attributed to human influence. The confidence levels in these attributions reflect the assessment of the observed impact’s connection to climate change. Examining observed and projected changes in global surface temperature from 1900 to 2100 provides a stark illustration of how our climate has evolved and will continue to do so over the lifespans of three representative generations. Projections based on various greenhouse gas emissions scenarios paint a sobering picture of the future, with different emission pathways leading to vastly different outcomes. Visual representations of every form of climatic shift such as ‘climate stripes’, offer a glimpse into the future, depicting human-caused long-term trends overlaid with the continuing influence of natural variability. Each color on the generational icons corresponds to the global surface temperature stripes for each year, providing a tangible visualization of possible future experiences. In essence, the data presented underscores the urgency of addressing climate change and underscores the need for concerted global action to mitigate its impacts and secure a sustainable future for generations to come. The primary factor of climate change is the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane gas (CO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere. Through these gases, our atmosphere traps heat directly coming from the sun, leading to a warming effect known as the greenhouse effect. It is the reason why Earth is a habitual planet for humans. So, if the amount of greenhouse gases increases, the Earth’s temperature also increases. This change in temperature results in global warming. During the industrial era, around the late 1750s, there was a transition from making goods by hand to machinery. Afterward, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War 2, and the global level use of automobiles and motor vehicles which work with carbon-rich fuels burning gasoline and diesel fuels, caused the emission of CO2 gas resulting in the spike of CO2 into the atmosphere. This global level transition led to a widely spread negative impact on the planet which includes high sea levels, more frequent and drastic weather conditions, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of ecosystems.  Also, the global population has increased unbelievably in the past 150 years. In 1800, the world population was around 1 billion, and today we have reached 8 billion. In order to get more land for crop production and more land for human settlements, humans cut down trees and turn forests into fields. For such population density, we burn a lot more fossil fuels and release enormous amounts of carbon dioxide. This population growth followed an increase in deforestation, that caused no absorption of CO2 from the air, as trees store carbon dioxide in their roots and trunks.  These greenhouse gases have caused an average global temperature rise of +1.1 degrees Celsius compared to the pre-industrial era. This slight increase in temperature seems no big deal, but on a global level, this spike has caused severe weather conditions and increased normal summer temperature by 10-15 degrees Celsius. This rise in warming conditions has caused the melting of glaciers, especially in the Arctic, the icy region near the North Pole. This melting leads to the ocean water level by 3 inches.  This sea level rise is causing severe thunderstorms. In Indonesia, they are moving away from the capital city Jakarta as it is sinking. Rainfall pattern changes are causing untimely rains and more droughts. So, one shift is causing the other disaster. That’s how the climate change conditions are serious. You may be interested to read other articles: The Futuristic China’s Hegemony, Global Inflation, The lasting impact of Music, Middle East Economy, and Anton’s Invention Conquering the World. The 3rd world countries are under the severe influence of Climate change, like

The Futuristic China’s Hegemony By Bisma Ijaz Being already living the future with its unprecedented economic reforms which the rest of the world strives for The economic rise of China is the most significant development of the 21st century that has had a profound impact on the global political-economic order. In 2016, China overrode the United States as the largest economy on Earth. Over the years, the US’s share of the world economy is shrinking over time while China’s share is growing rapidly. According to IMF Data Mapper, as of October 2023, China made up 18.82% of the Entire World Economy while the USA only made up around 15.42%. This is a historic transition of China’s ruling the global economy. But when you look at a country’s GDP, it doesn’t tell you clearly about the composition of its economy like what kind of global impact it has. So, to measure a country’s economy in a better way is not simply possible through its size of all goods and services production in GDP, but rather its global manufacturing contribution. As per the OECD TiVA database of 2023 update, China’s economic growth is incredibly impressive as it has become the world manufacturing superpower representing more than one-third of the entire world’s gross production of manufacturing goods. So, it’s evident that China now produces more than the United States, Japan, Germany, India, South Korea, Italy and France combined. Here is a question that comes to mind How did China which had only a 2% contribution in global GDP with an exceeding poverty rate of 90% in 1978, achieve such prominent economic development in just 45 years? Despite not having natural resources like Russia and the US possess who built their economy on these resources, how was it able to become the world’s biggest economy? Let’s have a look at the background of this rising global power of the 21st century. The People’s Republic of China was founded on 1 October 1949 by Communist Leader Mao Zedong after the Chinese Revolution. The revolutionary party Chinese Communist Party CCP had a strong hold on the entire country including political and economic sectors. Mao Zedong ruled China for almost 3 decades until he died in 1976. During his tenure, the country was under dictatorship which he used to call ‘People’s Democratic Dictatorship.’  In 1958, Mao launched ‘the Great Leap Forward’ campaign, aiming to bring social and economic transformation to the country. Its central idea was to bring two major policies ‘Land Re-distribution’ and ‘industrialization’ to grow the economy. By land redistribution, CCP took the lands from landowners and distributed them among the farmers.  After that, it collectivized agriculture, and created agriculture cooperatives, so that all farmers could work together on the same land. He forced the workers and farmers to do the labor work. Whereas the ownership of those lands was in the hands of the government. Secondly, for industrialization, the government built large-scale steel industries and also encouraged the people to have their small-scale steel furnaces in their backyards to produce steel on a local level too. These policies were made to develop China economically but yielded unfavorable outcomes.  The local-level steel furnaces were producing low-quality steel which led to the resources being wasted. On the other hand, lacking profit-sharing opportunities and private ownership, the farmers didn’t have any incentive to enhance crop production. Because ultimately the grown crop had to be handed to the government which resulted in a huge decline in productivity. During 1958-61, the grain production dropped down by 15% in the entire country. Mao’s poorly planned policies and experiments resulted in massive failure that caused the deadliest famine in human history. Around 20 to 40 million people died in this Great Chinese Famine. One of the causes of famine was The Four Evils campaign particularly targeted four pests for elimination: rats, flies, mosquitoes, and sparrows. The Sparrow Extermination’s purpose was to increase food production and to eliminate sparrows as they ate grains from the crop field. This decision produced more pests and insects’ growth that were supposed to be eaten by the sparrow in the ecosystem. This massive ecological imbalance made the food shortage worsen. Mao’s unchecked so-called masterstroke policies caused millions of deaths due to starvation.  You may be interested in reading other articles: The Dying Earth, Global Inflation, The lasting impact of Music, Middle East Economy, and Anton’s Invention Conquering the World. After such severe failure, the Communist Leader came under criticism from the public and party leaders. Large-scale destruction, a 90% poverty rate, and famine gave birth to rebel forces within the Chinese Communist Party CCP. To revive the nation’s revolutionary values, Mao provoked another campaign named ‘Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution’ in 1966 and launched his local army of Mao’s loyal soldiers named ‘Red Guards’ obeying Mao’s call to ‘bombard the party’s headquarters to target and publicly humiliate who opposed Mao’s ideology while discriminated them as traitors. They even dismissed the rebel party leader. This chaos resulted in the deaths of almost 2 million people. Around 50 million people lost their lives due to Mao’s policies. He died in 1976 due to poor health.  Deng’s Revolutionary Reforms The Agricultural Reforms: Despite having a massive workforce, China didn’t have educated and skilled workers due to Mao’s policy of forced labor and the Cultural Revolution’s specific target of schools and universities. Deng was able to see his workforce’s potential, so rather than sending them into big industries that demand exceptional skills, he first trained the workforce at the agricultural level. He decentralized the government’s role released the government control over land and encouraged private farming. This decision gave the workers an incentive to yield more crop production. Unlike Mao’s rule, now they could give tax to the government and could sell the rest of the grains in the market. This boost in the agriculture sector pulled the country out of poverty and raised farmers’ income. This income rise compelled the workers to invest in commercial crops like cotton and sugarcane. Township